Howard Hughes Essay

Howard Hughes, one of the most mysterious men in America. He achieved the American dream by not only becoming wealthy but he also built an empire. A businessman, plane designer, movie producer, industrialist, was great in everything he focused in. Had and enormous wealth and intellect, and he also had achievement. He fortune with hard work in any job and with his great influential ideas. Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was born in Houston, Texas on December 24, 1905. He was the son of Allene Gano Hughes and Howard Robard Hughes Sr., who invented the tri-cone roller bit which allowed rotary drilling for oil in previously inaccessible places. He also founded the Hughes Tool Company to commercialize this invention. Howard’s parents died when he was still a child; he inherited a considerable part of his father’s million dollar fortune. Howard’s goals as a child were to become the best golfer, the best pilot, and the best movie producer. Despite the fact that he attended great schools, he never got a diploma. His father arranged for him to attend math and engineering classes at the California Institute of Technology. Then he enrolled in the now-called Rice University. Hughes is best known as an aviation genius, because of all of his the designs, ideas, and invention of airplanes. He is famous for the H-4 Hercules, also known as the â€Å"Spruce Goose†, and is also known because of his eccentric behavior. He set many world records while flying that seemed unreachable in his time. On September 13, 1935, he set a new speed record aboard his H-1 Racer by setting a speed of 566 km per hour, the previous record was 505 km per hour. This H-1 was donated to the Smithsonian Institute in 1975; now it is on display at the National Air and Space Museum. On January 19, 1937, he set a trans-continental speed record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. On 1938 he set a record by flying around the world in 3 days and 19 hours; the preceding record was more than four hours. Hughes also received many awards; some are: the Harmon Aviatrix Trophy (1936 and in 1938) which is given for the most outstanding international achievements, the Collier Trophy (1939) which is the most prestigious award in the aviation field, and the Octave Chanute Award (1940) which is given for engineering innovations. Howard Hughes purchased Transcontinental and Western Air (T&WA) in 1939. This company grew along with his chairman Jack Frye. TWA broke Pan Am’s legal designation as the US sole international carrier, so TWA began transatlantic flights using the new Lockheed â€Å"Connie†, which was used as both a civilian airliner and U.S. military air transport plane. In 1950, the airline changed its name to Trans World Airlines (TWA), because it offered flying routes from Europe to all Asia until Hong Kong. Later with the Transpacific Route Case of 1969, TWA was able to fly in the Pacific Ocean too. TWA and Pan Am were the only U.S. airlines serving Europe. One of Hughes’s most famous designs was the H-4 Hercules, also known as the Spruce Goose. This was a jumbo boat that flew; it was specially designed for carrying soldiers in a war. The idea was to use it in World War II, but unfortunately the Hercules was finished just after the end of the war. This plane was another satisfactory idea of Hughes, because it successfully flew once with Hughes in control. This is why Howard had to testify against the Senate War Investigating Committee, but they failed to file a final report because the government didn’t permit planes made out of aircraft aluminum. So Hughes had to make the plane out of hard close-grained wood so he could accomplish his contract with the U.S. Government. This plane was on display next to RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California for many years, but now it is in McMinnville, Oregon where it is part of the Evergreen Aviation Museum. On July 7, 1946, Hughes was flying a prototype plane of the US Army, made by him, when an oil leak changed the way a propeller had to work. The plane started to drop down and crashed in a Beverly Hills neighborhood. When the plane finally stopped, after destroying three houses, the fuel tanks exploded, setting fire to the plane and a close house. In the accident, Hughes got a crushed collar bone, six crushed ribs and some third-degree burns, but besides this it affected him the rest of his life. With this he turned into a more unusual person because he developed an addiction to opiates because of use of morphine as a painkiller during his rehabilitation. He turned into an isolated person, developing a disease known as hypochondria, which makes a person preoccupied with physical health and body. This person believes, fears or is convinced that he has a serious disease, despite medical reassurance. Hughes became so isolated the he was inside a room for a little over 8 months, only opening the room for food carefully inspected for any germ. The main reason he left the room in 1947 was because he was called to testify. Senator Ralph Owen Brewster opposed the commercial interest of Howard Hughes. He said that Howard had received $40 million from the Defense Department without actually delivering the aircraft he had contracted to provide (which was the H-4 Hercules). Even though Hughes had everything against him, he combated Brewster with the same anger, accusing him of being corrupt. Hughes spread rumors about the senator’s close association with Pan Am (Hughes’s rival company), alleging that he received free flights and other things in return for help beating TWA. The senator also passed a bill to remove government approval for TWA flights across the Atlantic. Hughes openly said that Brewster had promised an end to the Senate investigation if he would agree to merge TWA with Pan Am. In reply, the senator, annoyed by the accusations, stood aside from leading the investigation to become a witness before the committee. He denied Hughes’s accusations and made several opposing accusations, but failed to harm Hughes. The senator’s reputation suffered greatly from this incident with Hughes. Howard Hughes died on April 5, 1976, at the age of 70 when he was going on an airplane from his penthouse in Mexico to a hospital in Houston. The autopsy showed that he died because of a kidney failure, plus in his bloodstream it appeared that he had 1.9 micrograms of codeine. This dose of codeine is more than fatal, and together with a good amount of valium it makes it fatal. Hughes was unrecognizable due to his long years of recluse. His hair, beard, finger and toe nails were disgustingly long. Doctors said that malnutrition to his 6’4† body helped him on his death, because he only weighed 90 lbs. Since he was too unrecognizable, the FBI had no other choice than to use the fingerprint identification to identify the body. Howard is buried in the cemetery of Glenwood in Houston. Hughes is worth writing research paper, because he is a genius on mostly everything related to plane designs. It is good to know that thanks to this man we are able to move fast and around the world. Jets are a great innovation on planes; Howard was the one of inventors of the jet propulsion airplanes, but wasn’t able to make the most out of them, because of his illness. I believe he is an inspiration for most of the youths out there wanting to study engineering, I think this is true, because Howard is my inspiration because of the great example he represents. Besides being a plane genius he was also a movie director producer which is also another reason why this man is a good research topic. Bibliography: Johnson, Bobby H. â€Å"Howard Hughes† The World Net Encyclopedia. Ed. Robert O Zeleny. Chicago World Enc. Inc, 1990. PBS Chasing the Sun- Howard Hughes [Online] Available http://www.pbs.org/Kcet/chasing the sun/innovators/hhughes.html, September 9, 2003. Golden Ages [Online] Available http://nationalaviation.org/museum-enshrinee/asp?eraid=3&enshrineeid=302, September 12, 2003. Donald L. Bartlett and James B. Steele, Empire: The Life, Legend, and Madness of Howard Hughes (New York: Norton, 1979). Charles Barton, Howard Hughes and His Flying Boat (Fallbrook, California: Aero, 1982). Michael Drosin, Citizen Hughes (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1985). Howard Hughes, My Life and Opinions, ed. Robert P. Eaton (Chicago: Best Books Press, 1972). Robert Maheu, Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes, by His Closest Advisor (New York: HarperCollins, 1992). Harold Rhoden, High Stakes: The Gamble for the Howard Hughes Will (New York: Crown, 1980). R obert W. Rummel, Howard Hughes and TWA (Washington: Smithsonian Press, 1991). Tony Thomas, Howard Hughes in Hollywood (Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press, 1985)

Equal Opportunity and Discrimination Essay

Anti-Discrimination policy for women at workplace was coined back forty years ago when U. S congress passed an Equal Pay Act of 1963 allowing women the freedom to receive the same pay as their male colleagues. Moreover, this act was mostly set as an example by almost all other the other countries that later began the process of anti-discrimination and equal opportunity for women in all fields of life. Anti-discrimination policies that allow women with lesser to compete with males of skills more than women do is considered to be a positive discrimination for women. This practice is also called quota system in many countries. The procedure is basically followed in bureaucracy where much of the employments are made through hiring people from different race, religion and educational background. The quota system in effect allows peoples with unequal educational levels to compete on the same ground. Many countries, such as the sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) follow similar steps of quota system or positive discrimination as it is known in general to allow women to participate in politics, government institutions and state organizations. This allows women to have more opportunity then males to excel in career without having a specified educational criterion. The anti-discrimination policy that tends to allow less skilled women labor to work as much of with highly skilled male labor is however banned in some countries. This kind of positive discrimination is banned in the United Kingdom. Much of the critics point out flaws in the positive discrimination being provided and mark them as leverage for being a woman. They point out that many take advantage of the affirmative discrimination by identifying themselves as deprived and take over employment of those who are deserving individuals. Moreover, apart from work related arguments, Gary K. Clabaugh writes in one of his articles about the negative effect of positive discrimination on college students. He gives a comparative example of a Hispanic wealthy girl in U. S and an American white boy who has hardly managed money to support his tuition. Despite all what he had done to enter college, the Hispanic might be selected because of her race and gender. The mere purpose was to show the demerits of positive discrimination in society. Therefore, such laws have raised question about the threats it poses to rise of injustice. On the contrary, Affirmative actions for women also have some benefits. The past we had seen was in desperate need for affirmative action like policies. Women in the past were allowed only to work as teachers, nurses, or mates. This caused them to become demotivated and remain economically poor not allowing them to social progress. Affirmative action policies later allowed women to excel as a strong and efficient work force. Women were hired as doctors, lawyers, construction workers, top executives, corporate CEO’s, police officers, combat pilots in the military, and even U. S. Secretary of State, and other occupations that were usually destined for men. Positive discrimination further also allowed women. Moreover, on a racial basis, African Americans were not allowed better jobs just because of their color. This trend later diluted due to the implementation of positive discrimination which caused equal opportunity for everyone. Therefore, it is true that positive discrimination for women and other race related issues have been misused and have been discredited by many critics; but it is also imperative that one should know what really caused the concept to come to existence. It is this anti-discrimination for a woman (positive discrimination in reality) that has caused the society to progress in ideology of freedom that we see and experience today. References Masselot, A., 2007-07-25 â€Å"Deep Impact: Mapping the Impact of Anti-Discrimination Law† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, TBA, Berlin, Germany . 2009-05-24 from http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p175402_index. html Hirsh, E. and Kornrich, S. , 2004-08-14 â€Å"The Context of Discrimination: The Impact of Firm Conditions on Workplace Race and Gender Discrimination† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Hilton San Francisco & Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel, San Francisco, CA, Online PDF. 2009-05-26 from Gary K. Clabaugh (2000). Positive Discrimination. Retrieved July 28, 2009 from < http://www. newfoundations. com/Clabaugh/CuttingEdge/PositiveDiscrimination. html> Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (2003). Discrimination. MSN. Retrieved July 28, 2009 from: http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761573635/Discrimination. html Discrimination.

Yum cha between my culture and our culture Essay

Yum cha, which is a Chinese style morning and afternoon tea, involves drinking Chinese tea and eating dim sum, which are small dishes. In expert restaurants, staff will commonly wheel around heated trolleys serving small yum cha dishes. Hong Kong also has some western food and local food, like mango pudding, egg tarts that are desserts. Before Hong Kong was occupied by British, which already had â€Å"Yum cha†. Then, this traditional is important for people. Yum cha is a habit for most of local Hong Kong people. Some of them will go to yum cha once times per week. Or they will spend a whole morning to enjoy the meal with friends. In my family, we have a traditional, dad and mum bring me to yum cha in every Sunday, on that day, and they will spend 1 to 2 hours to yum cha, to have a little gathering for us. When I was young, my parents always ordered my favourite dim sum to me, and we have lots of interesting conversation. After that, my dad would give me the pocket money; it was a great time for me. Now, I was grow up, we may not go to yum cha in every Sunday now, if we feel free, we must go to yum cha. If we decide to yum cha, I will go to the Chinese restaurant wait for my parents and ordered their favourite dim sum. But technology influence, we would not talk a lot, I only focus on my telephone, and my parents only read the newspaper. It seems a bad effect for us, not only my family. Yum cha’s original meaning is a little gathering with relative or friends, and enjoys the dim sum. Nowadays, the meaning changed. Most of teenager just hold a smartphone, and keep going touch it, just focus on it, no conversation with family. Although, our traditional was altered, we will not have yum cha in every Sunday, I believe this traditional must go on, spend some time with family, is a most important thing in my life. Chinese like goes to yum cha with family, and care about family. When we feel free, we should not only focus on friends, technology but family.

How to Decrease Customer Turnover due to the impersonal touch of Research Paper

How to Decrease Customer Turnover due to the impersonal touch of e-commerce - Research Paper Example But the problem arises when it involves in a matter of customization or suggestion for a particular product. It mainly happens with the service sector. It can be better understood by an example. Suppose, in case of an insurance company, a customer may be in need of a child policy and he has various requirements. E-commerce will enable him to see all the available child policies. It will even ask for more specifications such as age of the child and his parents, premium amount, or amount of sum assured, mode of payment, etc but e-commerce can never really understand the actual requirements of the customer or his future expectations from the policy. Therefore, it will not show the most suitable policy for the customer. If the customer goes with the policy identified by electronic communication system, which will be the result of customized search option, then it may lead to future dissatisfaction of the customer and he may not opt the company for his next policy which will invariably de crease the customer turn over for the insurance company. An electronic media can provide several options to the customers, even through it, a buyer or a seller can customize their choice but an electronic media fails to understand the need and requirement of the customer in the truest essence. That is why, they will not be able to provide apt suggestions or can not give a perfectly suitable product as per the customer’s requirement. Sometimes the customer might feel that they are less valuable for the organization because they find that there is no one to hear their requirements or problems and give a suitable suggestion accordingly. E-commerce is not only used for purchase or selling products and services but also for customer care. When a customer will buy a product, he can directly choose the option for the product and can buy it at once or can go through the features of the products and then purchase it. But

COMMUNICATION PLAN for Nestle Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

COMMUNICATION PLAN for Nestle Company - Essay Example For perishable products such as milk and vegetables, Nestlà © has direct procurement process with specific requirement so that the excess is not wasted. Nestlà © invest sufficiently in sustainable agriculture in collaboration with its direct suppliers so that high quality food products are delivered. Multinationals such as Nestlà © focus on long term partnership with suppliers so that resources are available at a reasonable cost and whenever required. These long term contracts minimizes various risks on the part of the company as well as for the suppliers. For instance, such kind of supply chain system acts as a hedge against fluctuations in the agricultural market (Handfield& Nichols, 1999; Nestlà ©, 2009; 2014b). Nestle company has been going through some publicity issues in the past. There were a lot of cases where children died as a result of taking products from the nestle company. This led to massive protests by the people against their products. Nestle was accused of aggressively marketing their breast milk substitutes and dressing their sales ladies as nurses. The deaths reported were as a result of the increasing deaths of infants. For the infant formula milk, the powder has to mixed with water which in most poor countries is usually contaminated and unhygienic and therefore leading to the death of the children. Another issue was that even when the parents knew the hygienic standards that they had to have, they do not have the means to sterilise the equipment that they used and therefore having no choice but to use the contaminated water. The women in the poor countries sometimes could not afford the formula and thus would end up using less than the required amount of formula and mix it with more water so that a can would last for longer. This means that the infants got less nutrients than they required. Basically, children who are fed on breast milk are more protected than children who are fed on formula and thus have better health compared to the

Kangxi-Emperor and the Taiping Rebellion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kangxi-Emperor and the Taiping Rebellion - Essay Example Kangxi was one of the best Emperors in those times because he never mobilized people into fighting. He gave out rules that were friendly to people and rules that would easily be followed without questions. Being a man with a Family, farming would be an important thing so as to provide food for the family, Kangxi told people to respect farming so as to have adequate food and clothing. He encouraged people to love schools and academics as that was one way of gaining knowledge and honoring the scholar. Hong Xiuquan after failing his second exam attempt, he gave up and continued to protestant missionaries. He never encouraged people to love education or anything related to it (Foster 158). Being a family man and living during the Hong Xiuquan times, it would be hard to encourage a person’s children into a school considering the War that was everywhere. The Army, which anyone would expect to bring peace, was the leader in destroying the Cities. The Taiping beliefs followed the Ten Commandments similar as the ones found in the bible but they separated men and women from living together. Women were given more power and even married couples lived in quarters segregated by sex. Following the Commandments was a better idea with the Taiping rules but separating married couples was not a good idea. People who are married are supposed to live happily together but the Taiping rules would never allow that (Foster 160). The Taiping rules were things that you should never do but there were no things to be done.

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Term Paper

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Features in Germany and the UK - Term Paper Example The collective cultural dimensions are what drive either corporatist philosophy or neo-liberal policies. The UK institution is founded on neo-liberal principles which involve more consensus and shared decision-making whilst German institutions follow a more stringent corporatist philosophy. The extent and composition of HR strategies in both countries are strongly influenced by these evolutions that have occurred historically due to changes in society, business, and government. This essay seeks to examine the most critical cultural characteristics within Germany and the UK that influence the development of HR policy. The objective is to provide a critical comparison of both cultures as it relates to institutional philosophy, taking into consideration a variety of mitigating institutional features that predict positive HR performance or conflict using a respected cultural model (such as Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions framework) as a guiding source for HR development. The essay focuses primarily on individualism versus collectivism and the influence of tolerance for power distance in both countries from an institutional perspective to determine their disparate or congruent human resources policies and practices. Culture in the United Kingdom is dominantly individualistic. Individualism is considered a type of cultural characteristic in which the predominant values are ensuring well-being and utility for the self or direct kin in a traditional nuclear family context (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010; Hollinshead 2009; Hofstede 2001; Hofstede 1984). Individualists seek opportunities for unique self-expression and, oftentimes, these needs and beliefs manifest themselves in how the individual views their identity within the organization with many inherent demands for recognition for individual accomplishment.     

Strength of material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strength of material - Essay Example Yet another factor that impacts the nature of loading is the stresses, deflections and strains that the structure is subjected to. One engineering component may be subjected to strains, stresses and/or torsion at the same time, forces acting at different points according to Melchers and Hough (364). When a system is subjected a myraid of loads of this nature, the system is said to be subjected to complex loads. Some systems that commonly experience complex loading include bridges, building roof structures, differential units and shafts, just to mention a few. Figure 1: showing the structure of a bridge; different components of the bridge subjected to tension, compression, strains and stresses Courtesy http://www.300thcombatengineersinwwii.com/bridges.html Engineers have always communicated through drawings to convey messages relating to the nature and design of components and structures. In the analysis of engineering structures and components, care is usually taken to avoid failure that results due to several factors including loading and corrossion. The analysis of the forces that act on engineering structures began with the use of drawings, lines and arrows representing forces that were resolved somehow to come up with solutions or results. Superpositioning as a method of analysis has also been employed in analysing engineering components and normally involves the overlapping of forces (Courses.washington p1).

Information Literacy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information Literacy - Assignment Example This quotation is appealing as it captures everything about information literacy. This is so because information literacy does not mean just the mere knowledge of information that is in existence but the use of that information to solve problems and make decisions for the present and future. In this age unlike a few decades before, information has increased abundantly and especially in the internet which is currently the main source of information worldwide. This much information is petrifying and confusing to people. It therefore needs sorting out to find out which of the information is relevant and which is not depending on the needs of the person. When an individual is information literate, it means that they have the ability to be able to do that sorting out and as swiftly as possible without having any worries, requiring assistance or even taking a lot of time to do so. Information literacy is a skill therefore that everyone needs to have so that to be at par with the current technological trends and especially as it relates to communication with people not only within one’s area but globally as

Finance Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance Analysis - Assignment Example The company’s debt to total assets and the debt to equity ratio clearly shows that the company has been keen towards loan finance and currently the company’s debt as a percentage to its total has exceeded over 50%. The company’s quick ratio portrays a falling trend. This reduction in the quick ratio suggests that the company may face problems in paying of its obligations as they fall due, this can be because of an increase in debt obligation and a reduction in the ability to convert stock into cash (as shown by the inventory turnover ratio). 2. Assuming that the share price for REC company is $30, the company’s P/E ratio in the year 2004 would be 15.3 (30/1.96 (Market price per share/ EPS)). This P/E ratio can be considered to be good with respect to the clothing industry, hence it can be deduced that a $30 price per share for the REC company is the best value for money for an investor (Yahoo Finance, 2011). 3. The days payable outstanding ratio for the REC company is 41 days. This collection period is higher than the industry average, hence it clearly suggests that the wholesaler would be paid in comparison to the industry trend. As a wholesaler, this would not be amusing and would result in selling shoes to other retailers rather than REC company, who would pay a bit earlier i.e. in line with the industry average of days payable outstanding ratio. 4. As a recent college graduate, I would definitely join the company as the company seems to be a good learning prospect. The company operates in two different industries i.e. recreational equipment and clothing hence it would provide good learning exposure for me. The company’s finance department seems to be operating efficiently, considering the financial statements and the ratios prepared by the finance department. The financial statements seem to prepared after considering the relevant accounting and financial standards hence it the seniors

Global Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Global Study - Assignment Example According to the article â€Å"The Chinese Century† by Joseph E. Stigitz, China overtook the US as the largest Economy of the world. The writer states that it is a wakeup call that came as a surprise for the US. Is it true that China is the words largest economy as of now, and what are the future expectations? China enters the year 2015 as the world’s largest economy (Stiglitz). Latest news show that China has truly become the world’s leading economy and the US is number 2 after 142 years (Since 1872). The economy of the Chinese is worthy $17.6 trillion while that of the US is worth $17.4 trillion. China’s economy will still grow further: IMF estimates it to be 27 trillion in 2019. The New York Times article â€Å"China’s Economic Empire† by Heriberto and Juan America and Europe has become uncomfortable with China’s rise economically. Is it true that China is taking over American and European companies? What is evident is that China has bought large companies of the west such as the American pork producer, Smithfield Foods and Club Med (HERIBERTO and JUAN). According to BBC news, Chinese companies have 2 ways in which they expand overseas: ‘organically’ through scaling their processes, or ‘organically’ acquisition of foreign

Socialization Definition Essay Example for Free

Socialization Definition Essay Socialization: Lifelong (process) social experience by which people develop their human potential learn culture Personality: A persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling The social Sciences: The role of Nurture * Psychologist John B Watson developed a theory called behaviorism, which holds that behaviour is not instinctive but learned. (Nature not nurture) * Nurture is our nature Studies of non human primates * Psychologist Harry and Margaret placed rhesus monkeys (surprisingly there behaviour is same as humans) in various conditions of social isolation – * They found that complete isolation for 6 months seriously disturbs the monkey’s development * Infant monkeys in cages with an artificial mother made of wire with wooden head – they survived by could not interact with others when placed in a group. * Harlow’s concluded it is important that adults cradle infants affectionately. * Infants monkey could recover from about three months of isolation – 3 months+ cause serious damage Studies of isolated children * Anna died at the age of 10 with a blood disorder. * Isabelle spoke around 2000 words. At the age of 14 she was in grade 6. * Genie abused by her parents. She was tied to a potty chair at the age of 2. She lives with adults. Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality Lived in Vienna at times when most Europeans considered human behaviour to be biologically fixed. Trained as a physician, Freud gradually turned to the study of personally and mental disorders. Basic Human Needs * Biology plays a major role in human development * Humans have two basic needs that are present at birth: * 1st sexual and emotional bonding (which is called life instinct) * 2nd death instinct or thanatos (Greek: death) * These opposing forces, operating at an unconscious level create deep inner tensions Freud’s Model of Personality * Freud combined basic needs the influence of society into a model of personality with 3 parts: * id (Latin word for It) – represents the human beings basic drive, which are unconscious demand immediate satisfaction. id is present at birth (newborn demand attention, touching and food). Society oppose the self centered id which is why the first words a child learns is no. * Ego (Latin word for I) – A persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure – seeking drives with the demands of society. This develops are we become aware of ourselves and at the same time realize that we cannot have everything we want. * Superego (Latin meaning above or beyond ego) – Is the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. Tells us why we cannot have everything we want. This begins to form as a child becomes aware of parental demands and matures when a child understands everyone’s behaviour should take account cultural norms. BALANCE Freud’s Model of Personality id: The human beings basic drives| Ego: a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure – seeking drives with demands of society| Superego: the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual | Personality Development * If conflicts are not solved during childhood, they may surface as personality disorders later on * Culture in the form of superego, contains selfish demands – look beyond their own desires * Sublimation – redirects selfish drives into socially acceptable behaviour: Marriage = Sex / Sports = anger What are the three elements in Freud’s Model of personality? Explain how each one operates. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development   Swiss psychologist studied human cognition – how people think and understand. (4 stages) * The sensorimotor stage: the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only though their senses. About 2 years – infant only knows the world through 5 senses. * The pre operational stage (enter at age 2): The level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols. In this stage, children begin to think about the world mentally and use imagination. (Toy as their fav but cannot explain what kinds of toys they like). They cannot judge size, weight, or volume. ( water cup example, age 5) * The concrete operational stage: the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings. Around age 7-11 children focus on things and why they happen and also attach one more symbol to it. ( My birthday and Monday) * The formal operational stage: the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically. Around age 12 young people begin to reason in depth. (Teacher and a job that helps others) Sensorimotor stage: the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through (5) senses | Pre operational stage: The level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols | Concrete operational stage: the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings | Formal operational stage:The level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically| What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development? What does his theory teach us about socialization? Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development (moral reasoning) * Pre conventional – how people judge situations as right or wrong (child grabs something shiny on the table CP) – individual needs * Conventional Level 2nd stage – appears by teen years. People tend to lose their selfishness. (stealing to help and stealing a ipad are different) * Post conventional level 3rd stage – people move beyond their society norms to consider abstract ethical principles. They think of freedom or justice. (Rosa Parks and racial injustice) What are Kohlberg’s three stages of moral development? What does his theory teach us about socialization? Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development * Compared the moral development of girls and boys = 2 genders use different standards of rightness * Boys: Justice perspective – formal rules to define right and wrong (stealing is wrong) Girls: care responsibility perspective – judging situation with a personal relationship (stealing to feed) * Rule based male reasoning as superior to the Pearson based female approach * Young girls start eager and confident but there self esteem slips away as they pass through adolescence * Why? because of socialization of girls According to Gilligan, how do boys and girls differ in their approach to understating right and wrong? Self: the part of an individual’s personality composed of self awareness and self image George Herbert Mead’s Theory of the Social Self * Developed a theory of social behaviourism to explain how social experience develops an individual’s personality * Meads central concept: The self.   * First: the self is not their at birth: it develops. Mead rejected the idea that personality is guided by biological drives (Freud said it is). * Second: self develops only with social experience, as people interact with others. Without interaction, the body grows but no self emerges. * Third: social: experience is the exchange of symbols. (we attach meaning with wave of hand, smile) * Fourth: seeking meaning leads us to imagine the intentions of others. * Fifth: understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the others point of view. (how someone will catch a ball we throw) – taking the role of the other)

The Story Of The Flivver King History Essay

The Story Of The Flivver King History Essay In the story of the Flivver King, Upton Sinclair wrote this book from the period in the early 20th century about of one of Americans most famous self-made business leaders of the 20th century, Henry Ford. The author explains the story through the eyes of a fictional character that idolizes Ford from a young age, that character is Abner Shutt. Abner is the main character in the book and from his viewpoint Sinclair shows the reader how Ford started off as a man who was thought to be a lunatic for his ideas of making a carriage that can move without the help of a horse, to becoming one of the most influential people of his time. The story follows the ideas and growth of what would become the Ford Motor Company through the eyes of the Shutt family, primarily Abner since he eventually works for Ford and advances himself in the company slowly. The story also shows how Abner grows into a family man who works for Ford for many years and how Henry Ford starts off with great intentions, brilli ant ideals, and hopes for his company and the workers in it. As shown in the book, one of Fords hopes at the beginning of the story is that he would be able to have his workers earn enough money so they may also have the means to buy a car. Upton Sinclair shows how Ford changes during the story and how at the end of the story, Ford and his ideals are changed by power and a few billion of dollars. The idolized leader of Ford had become a prisoner of his own wealth and power. In this story, Upton Sinclair wants the worker who is Abner Shutt to gather with other workers and form a strong labor union. During the story Abner is not waiting to organize anything like a Union at Ford due to his beliefs of what Henry Ford is about as a person and how much trouble it can potentially get him in. Sinclair originally wrote this book for the United Automobile Workers of America in the late 1930s so that people during this time period would understand that workers should have some basic rights to work in a safe environment with fair hours and pay. At this time at the turn of the century, many of the workers who would immigrate to America for work would often be exploited at many levels. This happened in all types of factories other than the automotive factories; Sinclair had seen factory worker abuse first hand in meat packing factories. Upton Sinclair was not just trying to be just another author but a revolutionary activist for the workers, who attempted to show peo ple firsthand what workers had to deal with when they were in the factories. By creating books like the Flivver King, Sinclair was attempting to show how much power the leaders of a major company can have and how it is unethical. Sinclair also shows how the power hungry leaders can start with good intentions and then just crave for more and more power. During this time Upton Sinclair realized that during this time when America was in the middle of another major industrial revolution after Ford and the birth of the major car industry. People who had ideals like Sinclair wanted to see more federal regulations in the American auto industry and he was showing how company leaders like Henry Ford would be against regulation and power to the workers since he feels that he would want to have the most possible control over his company and workers as a whole. Upton Sinclair felt that our nation at this time needed to establish a strong union where the workers can actually get help from a stronger organization when going against the corporations. Sinclair wanted a strong Union to help workers get what he feels they deserve, instead of becoming just another cog in the machine known as the abused industrial workforce at the time. After reading this book one would think that the reason why there is no strong presence of a labor union in this country is because of the risk that it presented for workers at the time. In the Flivver King, Henry Ford used thugs and goons to intimidate people from not causing a ruckus and not bringing the any kind of union into his company. Upton Sinclair said this in the book, as a beleaguered American socialist in a society that is generally unsympathetic to the plight of the less fortunate, Sinclair pondered the question of why Socialism did not gain a foothold in the minds of the American workers. (Sinclair, Pr eface viii, xi) Reading this from Sinclair makes the reader believe that since socialism did not gain a solid ground in the mindsets of the factory workers at the time prevented a chance and at a strong labor union, and it shows the reader that Americans can show little sympathetic to those who do not have a lifestyle as well as their own. After reading this, it is clear that Sinclair pities the American worker of this time period and he feels that if they could have embraced a more socialist mindset, there could have been some kind of organization to protect them from being exploited and possibly fired just by mentioning the very idea of trying to start or join anything like a union. Other issues in the work place were workers being killed by various factors like poor or unsafe work conditions, violent protest and strikes, and being beaten thugs. Sinclair thought that because of the difficult working conditions, some kind of regulation was needed from a higher power, and that higher power would be our very own government. He also thought that the people needed to stand up and do something in order for anything to happen. In the book, Sinclair uses Abners son Tom as an example of person trying to make a difference by attempting to make labor unions for auto workers a reality. Tom Shutt who was a college graduate from the University of Michigan was once a worker at a Ford gear plant, he was eventually was listed as a trouble maker by the company and he was shown working for the United Auto Workers. Tom would go into the towns where Ford had great influence he would try and show people how they can get the company to join the union. This proved to be an very dangerous job, especially in the towns where The Ford Motor Company had a strong impact. Also Sinclair shows us that greed that was a common theme in the book did not help a ny efforts to start labor unions in the auto industry. Sinclair believed that since characters like Ford had so much money and power at the time, they could also obtain political influence by attempting to urge the people to vote a for a certain candidate so their policies can maintain the status quo and keep labor unions from becoming a reality. Just a few years after this book was written there was an ongoing battle for Ford to Unionize, the United Auto Workers won, and now even today Ford Motor Company is part of the UAW. In the story, Upton Sinclair used the main characters in some way or another to support his arguments for why there should be a labor union for the workers in the auto factories. With his depiction of Henry Ford a self made billionaire who gets corrupted by the money, power, and the very empire he made. At first people thought of Ford a crackpot with lofty ideas, Abners mother said on the very first page of the book that he is a crazy person who is just fooling around all day. After Ford proves the doubters wrong he creates a strong following, and one of his most loyal followers happens to be Abner. The strange and misunderstood inventor gained so much power in a relatively short amount of time, and the power and wealth turned a peaceful and revolutionary inventor into a power hungry corporate leader who wanted to control everything around him. The next character that Sinclair uses is Abner Shutt, a loyal Ford follower from a young age since he saw the beginnings of Ford on Bagely St reet in Detroit, and later an employee of Henry Ford. Abner appeared to be oblivious to some of things that occurred at the Ford Company at the time. For most of the book he would address Mr. Ford with the upmost respect. With the company growing into a global business powerhouse Abner saw the company rise from humble beginning and with honest intentions. Later Abner saw the company grow to have spies and gang members working for Ford to prevent any type of action that Ford himself would not like. Abner even had one of his own family members Tom Shutt, suffer at the hands of the gang members for trying to make a difference for the factory workers. If a proper workers union would have been established earlier on, maybe his son Tom would not have been beaten by the thugs at Ford. Sinclair uses this compelling story to open the eyes of Americans to show them some of things that occurred to people who tried to make a difference in the world for all of the auto workers in America. He also shows how money and power can overwhelm people who start out with good and clean intentions to help and give products to those who cannot afford it or give good benefits to their workers. With this piece of literature, we now can understand how much of a need there is for a an auto workers union, so we can avoid falling back into a time where workers can be fired for the wrong reasons or killed by the company thugs for attempting to create a safety net for the auto factory workforce.

Organizational Diagnosis Plan Of Six Box Model Information Technology Essay

Organizational Diagnosis Plan Of Six Box Model Information Technology Essay The six-box model is a structure developed by the American analyst Marvin Weisbord to evaluate the performance of organizations. It is a general structure and is proposed for use across a wide variety of organizations. It is based mainly on the techniques and assumptions of the field of organizational improvement. The model represents a exacting way of looking at organizational structure and plan. It gives awareness to issues such as planning, incentives and rewards, the role of support functions such as personnel, internal competitions among organizational units, standards for remuneration, partnerships, hierarchies and the delegation of authority, organizational control, accountability and performance assessment. The model also follows the basic systems approach to organizational functioning including the well-known inputs and outputs categories. (The Marvin Weisbord Six-Box Model (Weisbords Model)) Table 1 1.0 Scope This plan provides information about Organizational Diagnosis control of XYZ. It is used to plan and implement organizational process based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organizations processes and assets. 2.0 High-Level Overview Application Development is performed according to the phases of the Software Development Lifecycle. Below is a high-level overview. Each of these stages is described in more detail, in the sections that follow. Generally, a customer or site manager initiates a request for development based on the customers needs. The request is then analyzed to determine if it should be done as a request task or a project. If it should be a project, then it is analyzed to create a project charter. It should then be determined whether planning can be done with pre-allocated hours or whether a planning project is required. These results should be documented in the planning SOW, a planning schedule, and a PID if necessary. This can be done during by meeting with the customer depending on the scope of the project. The purpose of the planning project is to perform all of the planning and requirements analysis required in order to get an execution project approved. During the planning phase, business requirements and a project plan with all of its subordinate plans should be created. This can be done depending on the scope of the project. During the requirements analysis phase, the software requirements should be developed based on the project plan and business requirements. Then, an estimate should be created based on the project plan and software requirements. And finally, a schedule should be done based on the estimate, software requirements, and project plan. Once approved by the customer, these documents should be combined with an execution SOW. Once approved and resourced, the project and its resources are entered into the Project Lifecycle Application (PLA). Once approved, the execution project begins; and, the first phase is design. During this phase the architecture is developed and a test plan is created. The design and test plan are then reviewed and approved. Once approved, the construction phase begins. During this phase all components are created and integrated. The components will also be unit tested, integration tested, system tested, and then user tested. After construction, preparation to move the software to production is done. A Transition plan is created which is intended to train the support staff and users on the software and to coordinate its release to production. All help and support documentation should be created and approved. After the migration is complete, a post project meeting should be held to conduct lessons learned exercises. The Measurement Analysis repository should also be updated, analyzed and re-baseline when necessary. 2.1 Overview Organizational Diagnosis enables steady method routine across the organization and provides a foundation for cumulative, long-term benefits to the organization. The Quality Management System (QMS) is a group of items maintained by the organization for use by the employees and projects of the XYZ organization. This collection of items includes descriptions of diagnosis and process elements, descriptions of life-cycle models, process tailoring guidelines, process-related documentation, and data. The organizations Quality Management System supports organizational learning and process improvement by allowing the sharing of best practices and lessons learned across the organization. The organizations set of standard processes have been tailored by input from the Process Owners, XYZ QRB, MRB and the Director of Process Excellence to create XYZs defined processes. Additionally, tool manuals, templates, etc. have been incorporated into the extranet portal to provide all needed assets to perform the expected activities of a CMMI Level 3 and ISO 9001:2008 organization. 3.0 Purpose The purpose of Organizational Diagnosis Plan is to document and implement XYZ organizational diagnosis activities based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organizations diagnosis and process assets. Vision: Grow into a leader in the Commercial industries by solving important logistics and supply chain problems on-time, under-budget, and with integrity and positive customer economic impact. Mission: Provide on time, on budget, logistics and technology solutions with unmatched integrity and business principles.   Values: Operate business with integrity and high ethical standards. 4.0 Structure The table two below provides a guide for the general software life cycle activities to which specific processes and procedures have been defined in this plan. A separate responsibility matrix has been provided that maps each activity and associated responsibilities. Some of the activities listed below may not apply depending on the project. The PMP will provide justification for skipping activities. QA functions are performed throughout the Product Development Life Cycle (PDLC) shown below: Software Lifecycle Activity Project Planning and Oversight Software Development Environment System Requirements Analysis System Design Software Requirements Analysis Software Design Software Implementation and Unit Testing Unit Integration and Testing CI Qualification Testing CI/Hardware Configuration Item (HWCI) Integration and Testing System Qualification Testing or software product inspection Software Use Preparation (Pre-deployment preparation) Software Transition Preparation (Deployment) Life Cycle Maintenance (On-going support) Table 2 Software Lifecycle Activity Table 3 Software Lifecycle Activity Break Down For a typical software product development, the PDLC will have a number of various activities some of which are show in table four below. These activities shown below are the typical activities that QA is typically involved in. Inception Analysis/Requirements Deployment Design Validation Develop/ Implement Table 4 Development Life Cycle (PDLC) 4.1 Management This section describes each key essentials of the XYZ organization that influence the quality of the developed product. The organization chart below provides the general structure of the XYZ organization. Table 5 Organization Chart Executive Management is responsible for Establishing the Quality Policy, and reviewing it for continuing suitability. Executive Management is responsible for Communicating the Quality Policy, the importance of meeting regulatory and statutory and customer requirements. Executive Management is responsible for identifying the Key Processes to be included in the QMS. Executive Management is responsible for identifying the data required for effective review of the QMS. Executive Management is the management review team. It is the responsibility of the Management Representative to schedule and conduct management review meetings in compliance with this procedure. The Management Representative is responsible for collecting summary reports and data from the responsible functions and for ensuring adequate employee awareness of the companys QMS. The Management Representative is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to them at previous management review meetings, information on planned changes that could affect the QMS, quality planning needs and activities and recommendations for improvements to the QMS. Executive Management consists of the Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President, Senior Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents, Senior Directors and the Management Representative. Product realization processes: the processes that contribute or result in the product being produced or the product being provided. Key Processes: product realization processes, customer related processes and quality management system processes that are included in the QMS. Each Software Development Project will have a Project Manager or Program Manager who is directly responsible for achieving the project objectives and defining the management team. The Project Management Structure will depend on the project size, scope and requirements. Table six below describes common configurations for the project management team. Table 6 Software Development Organization Chart The table seven below provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of the personnel on the software development team. Role Responsibilities Program Manager The main responsibility of the Program Manager is to coordinate interdependencies between projects. The Program Manager may also be responsible for the direct management of a project. The responsibilities of the Program manager are: 1. Managing shared resources across all projects that are administered by the Program Manager 2. Identifying and developing project management methodology, best practices, and standards 3. Coaching , mentoring, training 4. Monitoring compliance with project management standards, policies, procedures, and templates through project audits (Conduct Quality Assurance reviews) 5. Developing and managing project policies, procedures, templates, and other shared documentation 6. Coordinating communication across projects 7. Manages major program scope changes 8. Ensure project teams have access to tools and repositories 9. Measure and report progress of project teams 10. Monitor and report status of key milestones and deliverables 11. Conduct regular status meetings 12. Monitor issue resolution 13. Manage change control process 14. Coordinate strategic initiatives through cross-project management 15. Promote and support software object reuse 16. Foster clear communication and synchronize activities among multiple project sites 17. Maintain project documentation repository 18. Monitor sign-off of key deliverables 19. Facilitate workshops and software trials 20. Conduct risk reviews Project Manager/Leader The Project Manager is the person assigned by the organization to achieve the project objectives and insure delivery of a quality product that is on budget and on-time. The responsibilities of the project manager are: 1. Focus on specified project objectives 2. Control the assigned project resources to best meet project objectives 3. Manages the constraints, (scope, schedule, cost, quality) of the project on a daily basis 4. Guide and evaluate the performance of the development team 5. Use project schedule and work breakdown structure produced to guide team in the implementation of the project 6. Provide continuous feedback to Project Team on status of project to include issues 7. Select, develop and oversee an effective team and allocate team members to project tasks and coordinate activities of sub-teams 8. Mediate problems encountered by team members 9. Report project progress to Program Manager and/or Senior Management 10. Ensure adherence to the project plan by all project participants 11. Conduct status meeting or report progress to customer and management 12. Communicate with the customer, program manager, senior management and stakeholders 13. Manage project Risk and Risk Mitigation 14. Define clear milestones and deliverables Team Lead A Team Lead is a experienced Software Engineer who is responsible for: 1. Oversee the work being done by other software developers/engineers on the team 2. Act as a mentor for new or less experiences software developers/engineers on the team 3. Act as a mentor for other members of the team 4. Delegates work to other members of the team 5. Monitors team progress and assists the Technical Lead with updating status of work activities 6. Responsible for ensuring that the work product(s) are delivered within the timeline 7. Responsible for ensuring the teams unit testing and code reviews are completed and appropriate 8. Responsible for ensuring that team deliverables are tested to criteria prior to handing off to testing Technical Lead A Technical Lead is a experienced Software Developer/ Engineer who is responsible for: 1. Responsible for the fundamental architecture of the software application 2. Recommends / researches software solutions 3. Recommends /researches COTS solutions 4. Oversee the work being done by other software developers/engineers 5. Act as a mentor for new or less experiences software developers/engineers 6. Act as a mentor for other members of the team 7. Act as an interface between the team members and the Project Manager 8. Delegates work to other members of the team 9. Assists the Project Manager with updating the work plan and activities 10. Responsible for ensuring that the work product(s) are delivered on time and on budget 11. Serves as the Project Managers technical advisor and provides programming perspective on requirements 12. Lead or attend meetings as required 13. Responsible for ensuring unit testing and code reviews are completed and appropriate 14. Responsible for ensuring that deliverables are tested to criteria prior to handing off to testing 15. Responsible for ensuring that all team members follow approved policies and procedures to include configuration management Software Developer/Engineer Responsible for designing and implementing an executable code solution, testing the resulting components, and analyzing runtime profiles to debug errors that might exist. A software developer may also be responsible for creating the softwares architecture and/or employing development tools. Database Administrator Responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance and repair of a database. Also responsible for the development and design of database strategies, performance, and security measures. Also responsible for mentoring/assisting junior DBAs and DBA programmers. Database Programmer Design, develop, and maintain database applications. Create Scripts; perform data maintenance or bug fixes. Write SQL statements and procedures/functions. Analyze, define and document system requirements for data, workflow, logical processes, interfaces with other systems, auditing, reporting requirements and production configuration. Software Architect Responsible for creating and maintaining the overall structure and layout of a software systems components and their interfaces within and outside of the system. Business Analyst Lead Performs a liaison function with the customer as required in addition to a role as a business analyst. Responsible for mentoring and assisting junior BAs. Business Analyst Responsible for analyzing the business needs of clients and stakeholders to help identify problems and propose solutions. Responsible for documenting, defining. And communicating customer requirements. May be required to document requirements using cases and UML. Systems Engineer Analyzes the role of the system in the broader enterprise, defines the requirements the system needs to meet, in terms of services and non-functional requirements, and defines the architecture of the system to meet the requirements. Systems architects may also be doing similar activities in their roles. Database Architect/Modeler Responsible for leading the coordination and collection of database requirements, documenting, organizing and communicating the requirements for the database, modeling the database architecture and ensuring it supports the business needs. Test Engineer Responsible for writing test plans, cases, and conditions for manual testing of the application Assisting with implementing an automated functional/regression test. Helping mentor other testers in testing and Best Practices. Supporting Quality Assurance initiatives. Reporting regular status of testing. Recording and tracking defects through use of designated tools. Writing automated test scripts for applications and databases. Software Quality Assurance Responsible for reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Developing statistical analysis and process quality metrics data for process and product performance using data from QA analysis/audits. Reporting on the results of all statistical analysis to the program/project management and other responsible parties. Performing root cause analysis on problem areas to help support improvement plans. Providing guidance and recommendations on improvement areas. User Experience Designer Responsible for translating customer requirements into defined user interfaces. Developing and maintaining design mockups, usage scenarios, prototypes, specifications, navigation maps and other design documents. Working with development teams to make sure that the workflow reflects the customers needs and ensure consistency among features. Defining innovative user interfaces and interaction styles which result in improved user productivity. If required may code/wire up UI screens to backend code. Configuration Management Responsible for reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to CM. Ensuring the quality factors are implemented in the software related to CM. Implementing the CM practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Table 7 Roles and Responsibilities 4.2 Program/Project Roles and Responsibilities The following describes the functional groups that influence and control product quality in any project and their influence on QA functions and activities. Program Management is responsible for the following items: Establishing a quality program by committing the project to implement the Software Engineering Process Policy in accordance with the companys quality policies. Reviewing and approving the relevant QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA. Assisting the independent Quality Control (QC) group from the project to audit and report on the projects QA functions and compliance with prescribed standards. Identifying the quality factors to be implemented in the system and the project as a whole. Project Management is responsible for: Implementing the quality program in accordance with the companys quality policies. Identifying the QA activities to be performed by QA. Reviewing and approving the QA Plan. Identifying and funding an individual or an independent group from the project to perform the QA functions. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA. Identifying and ensuring the quality factors to be implemented in the system and software. Identifying, developing and maintaining planning documents such as the Program Management Plan, Test Plans, and the QA Plan. Product/System Engineering when applicable is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to software engineering activities. Identifying, implementing, and evaluating the quality factors to be implemented in the system (software and hardware). Implementing the engineering practices, processes, and procedures as in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Product/Software Design/Development is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to software design and development. Identifying, implementing, and evaluating the quality factors to be implemented in the software. Implementing the product/software design/development practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Product/Software Test/Inspection is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to product/software test. Verifying the quality factors are implemented in the system. Implementing the product/software test practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Product/System Test is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA as related to system test. Verifying the quality factors are implemented in the system (software and hardware). Implementing the system test practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Configuration Management (CM) is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to CM. Ensuring the quality factors are implemented in the software related to CM. Implementing the CM practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Quality Control (QC) is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Develop statistical analysis and process quality metrics data for process and product performance using data from QA analysis/audits Report on the results of all statistical analysis to the program/project management and other responsible parties Perform root cause analysis on problem areas to help support improvement plans Provide guidance and recommendations on improvement areas 4.3 Strategy and Business The Strategy and Business Development department is organized to include the front end pieces of the business which includes business development, business development support, marketing, proposal writing, capture, and strategy. The structure includes the designation of leaders to lead the Integrated Growth Team (IGT) for a specific swim lane of business. Here are the IGTs: 4.4 Commercial Logistics Services Leader Donald Duck Focus -Logistics services Defense Technology Leader Duffy Duck Focus Logistics technology solutions Adjacent Marketing Leader Red Bull/Mickey Mouse Focus State of Texas technology and maintenance related solutions Supply Chain Solutions Leader Red Ants Focus Commercial distribution industry via our indirect partner channel The structure also assigns resources to each IGT for various functional areas, but the actual resources from an organizational structure perspective reside in the originating department. The management of the Business Development support and proposal writing resources is done by the Director of Business Development Operations. The Strategy and Business Development department rolls up to the Senior Vice President. While the IGT leaders can push opportunities through the various gates, the final submission and pricing will need to be signed off by the following key positions: Senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Development Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President Programs 4.6 Human resources 4.6.1 General To ensure competence of our personnel, job descriptions have been prepared identifying the qualifications required for each position that affects product quality. Qualifications include requirements for education, skills and experience. Appropriate qualifications, along with required training, provide the competence required for each position. 4.6.2 Competence, awareness and training Qualifications are reviewed upon hire, when an employee changes positions or the requirements for a position change. Human resources maintain records of employee qualifications. If any differences between the employees qualifications and the requirements for the job are found, training or other action is taken to provide the employee with the necessary competence for the job. The results are then evaluated to determine if they were effective. Training and evaluation are conducted according to the Human Resources. All employees are trained on the relevance and importance of their activities and how they contribute to the achievement of the quality objectives. 4.7 Business Manager Job Description A business manager may take on a variety of different positions within a business, all of which involve the planning, directing, and coordinating of operations within a company.   A business manager is also responsible for developing policies and managing the daily operations of the business.   A business manager may also be responsible for planning for the most efficient use of materials and human resources. A business manager may specialize in a specific area of business operations.   For example, a business manager may specialize in purchasing, personnel, or administrative services.   In other cases, a business manager may cover all aspects of business operation.   A business manager may also be held accountable for the accuracy of financial reporting for the business. 5.0 Rewards Rewards will be base on each project if they finish on time and under budget. During the testing if the software is found to have many bugs the rewards will be up to the management. The amount of rewards can be from twenty five dollars gift cards to two hundred dollars. The amount will be dependent on the Management Review Board to decide what the amounts will be given. 6.0 Helpful Mechanisms Executive Management is responsible for conducting Management Review meetings. The Quality Management Representative schedules the QMS meetings and notifies 6.1 Management Review Team. Management Review Team is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to them at previous management review meetings, information on planned changes that could affect the QMS, quality planning needs and activities, and recommendations for improvements to the QMS; reviewing Management Review Items; and recommending dispositions in their respective areas of responsibility. 6.2 Quality Management System XYZ developed and implemented a Quality Management System in order to document the companys best business practices, better satisfy the requirements and expectations of its customers and improve the overall management of the company. The Quality Management System of XYZ meets the requirements of the international standard ISO 9001:2008. This system addresses the design, development, production, installation, and servicing of the companys products. Each policy statement is followed by specific information pertaining to the procedures that describe the methods used to implement the necessary requirements. This manual is used internally to guide the companys employees through the various requirements of the ISO standard that must be met and maintained in order to ensure customer satisfaction, continuous improvement and provide the necessary instructions that create an empowered work force. This manual is used externally to introduce our Quality Management System to our customers and other external organizations or individuals. The manual is used to familiarize them with the controls that have been implemented and to assure them that the integrity of the Quality Management System is maintained and focused on customer satisfaction and continuous improvement. 6.3 Quality Review Board The primary purpose of the XYZ Quality Review Board is to review and audit XYZs operating plans, policies, processes, work instructions, forms, templates and procedures. The XYZ Quality Review Board will assure XYZ business processes are in compliance with, but not limited to, adopted process frameworks such as Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Lean, and Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). 6.4 Management Review Board MRB is responsible for Establishing the Quality Policy, and reviewing it for continuing suitability. MRB is responsible for Communicating the Quality Policy, the importance of meeting regulatory and statutory and customer requirements. MRB is responsible for identifying the Key Processes to be included in the QMS. MRB is responsible for identifying the data required for effective review of the QMS. MRB is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to

Media and the Military :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

Media and the Military      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the Vietnam War the media was left unchecked and brought the wartime images of death and carnage into America's living room.   These images served as morale killers and eventually turned much of the public against its own government.   During the Gulf War on the other hand, the military filtered what reached the public's eye and morale was kept to all time highs.   In wartime the government should be able to manipulate public opinion by controlling the media.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   War is not pretty, and it is not for the weak at heart.   Images of war should not be broadcast into living rooms live.   During the Vietnam conflict this is what happened.   Pictures and real time video of our troops being slaughtered during battles of the Tet offensive and the siege of Khe Sahn were sent home for all of America to see (Klein 50-51).   Again, war is not pretty and the way you keep morale up is you don't let the public know how bad war really is.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television is one of the most powerful tools of media and â€Å"by the mid 1960's television had become the most important source for news for most of the American public, and beyond that, perhaps, the most powerful single influence on the public.† (Hallin 106)   So people trusted what reporters like Walter Cronkite were telling them.   They believed it when NBC journalists told them things like, â€Å" the Marines are so bogged down in Hue that nobody will predict when the battle would end†¦more than 500 marines have been wounded and over 100 dead since the in Hue began.† (Klein 51)   Don't get the wrong idea though, these things really happened but the public didn't need to know it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The constitution and 1st amendment still mean something but national security should come first.   People rioting all over the country in anti war protests should be an issue of national security.   Without the support of your homefront no country can win a war, especially a foreign war (Franklin 250).   It is impossible to get support at home when NBC is showing them pictures of their boys getting massacred every night on the nightly news.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, during the Gulf War in Iraq the horrors of war still existed, maybe not to the same extent, but they were there nonetheless.   These horrors however where kept out of our living rooms by systematic filtering by the US army.   Now the army didn't just seize tapes and erase bad parts.   Very few reporters and cameras were allowed to the front lines.

Virginia Woolf Essay -- Novelists Authors Writers Essays

Virginia Woolf In recent times there has been a renewed interest in Virginia Woolf and her work, from the Broadway play, â€Å"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?† to the Academy award nominated film â€Å"The Hours† starring Nicole Kidman. This recent exposure, along with the fact that I have ancestors from England , has sparked my interest in this twentieth century British novelist. During the early part of the twentieth century, artists and writers saw the world in a new way. Famed British novelist Virginia Woolf was very sensitive to this change, for she felt that human relationships such as ones between a husband and wife of master and servant were shifting, due to all of the political, religious, and social changes. These, of course, transformed into modifications in literature (Richter 3,4). Conventional forms of writing did not portray truth, but rather dealt with certain aspects of life that were distorted and then pieced together via descriptions, coincidences, and transition passages (Blackstone 13). Feminine sensibility was an aspect that could be brought into the novel, and therefore Woolf employed new forms and techniques to her novels (Bernard 12). Through these changes, she consciously made the decision to change the novel from a genre that was developed and dominated by men, to a form that would depict the â€Å"movement of things under the surface--the free play of thought, emotion, insight† (Blackstone 12-13). Due to the transforming atmosphere of the time, Woolf was allowed to explore new territories. At the thrust of Virginia Woolf's writing was the creation of reality. â€Å"The center or meeting place for experience was, to Virginia Woolf, the moment—a cross-section of consciousness in which perception and feelings conv... ...iracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990. King, James. Virginia Woolf. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994. Marder, Herbert. Feminism & Art, A Study of Virginia Woolf. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968. Naremore, James. â€Å"The World Without a Self: Virginia Woolf and the Novel.† Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Sharon K. Hall. Detroit: Gale Research, Vol. 5, 1981. Richter, Harvena. Virginia Woolf, The Inward Voyage. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1925. Virginia Woolf. The Literature Network. 22 Jan 2005. Virginia Woolf. Wikipedia Encyclopedia. 22 Jan 2005. â€Å"Virginia Woolf.† Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1994.

Essay --

Language and Masculinity The art of communication was always dominated by the innovations happened in the art of language. The human race has always been communicating among itself and formed various societies, developed relationships, brought new ideas etc. Language was utilized to define the sexuality, the culture, the social aspect and it all happened in terms of gender. The dominance of the masculine gender through the utilization of the language was always known to the mankind. The male population receives power by dictating certain social norms. The masculinity is a part of the male gender and in terms of linguistics it conveys masculinity with great power and force. According to some philosophers the males unjustly and deliberately construct such a society which is male-centered and it caters to the supremacy of the masculinity described above. It will be interesting to find the relation among language, masculinity and gender. If we discuss it any further we will find out tha t throughout the history it was the human race which has brought innovation to the language. Language was used to gain power with the use of male power. As a result the language was also used to dictate social norms. They also became successful in gaining the women’s cooperation by using the power of masculine language. Some of the scholars assume that language is visible and it exists in this form without any doubt. They also further assume that language can be compared with other forms of visual phenomenon. In this regard the linguistic analysis is in fact a kind of perception of visual way. In other way one can see the language and in particular in its treatment of grammar. â€Å"In "Language and Masculinity," Victor Seidler writes, "Oppressed peopl... ...on which you will appear has been asked to discuss Victor Seidler's "Language and Masculinity" and Maxine Hong Kingston's "No Name Woman." You are to present and defend the ideas and observations of one writer against the ideas and observations of the other writer. You may choose to argue that your writer's ideas prove or disprove the ideas of the other writer, but in either case you will be expected to defend your own claim with quotes and examples from your writer's text. In building your case, you should consider how your opponents will respond with specific quotes or examples that might contradict your argument. You should then build a counter-defense into your own conclusions about how gender, language, and power are related in your writer's essay and about how that relationship stands with or against the basic concepts of the other writer's essay.† References

Group Performance Evaluation

I think that we have done well in our performence. As we have been chosen to performe to another class as our idea was creative. I had done a good job, and remembered my scrpit I stuck to my role all the time and I did not make any mistsakes. I suggested that the first scene be a mimed flashback about the mother packing away and leaving with some depressing music in the background. I thought this would work well because it meant the audience would be drawn into the drama from the beginning and it would be an imaginative way to start the piece. It was my idea to change a spotlight/lights for a different scene when we did our monologue as I thought that this would face the audience's attention onto us and they would then listen carefully to what we were saying. As well as the audience will know when the scene would be changing. Jake suggested that Julia should make her voice louder and more aggressive when she was shouting at the us as this would make her character more realistic and the audience would also be frightened of her. We all took responsibility for the lights and our performence in our drama and came in at lunchtimes to choose the lights we needed for the movement scene and record our monologue. During the performance we worked the lightning for the scenes and asked Bandana to manage then. We were pleased because the lights came on at the right time. I tried-to change my voice to women one to show that I was playing the mother. Although I found it hard, it worked well and everyone said that they were really impressed. When my character was getting angry about my father and husband I changed my tone to a really angry one and I made my voice shake as if I was going to cry. This didn't work as well as I wanted it to be but my clarity was not good and my voice didn't sound shaky enough. But Jake on the other hand done a brilliant job and made himself cry when he had an a emotional scene. Jade done well as well. She changed her tone of voice so it suited the situation When we wanted to show the feelings of our character we made our volume low and we whispered when we were . This worked really well with the movement we chosen which was to look down at the start. My gyestures were unussual because my character was quite a nervous person I made sure that I fiddled a lot with my sleeves and did not make eye contact with the other characters when I was speaking to Julia. When my character spoke I used my hands a lot to express myself as my character was a very enthusiastic person but depressed at the same time. My character had the habit of playing with a pen when thinking about things, for example during the monologue and when I had to tell Julia I was playing with something. I decided to do this as it is a common thing for people to do and added believability to my character

Technology Has Changed the Live of Teen Agers

DOI 10. 1111/j. 1464-5491. 2006. 01868. x Glycaemic confine Review Article 23 0742-3071Publishing, inebriant diabetic Medicine and2006 white plague D. Ismail et al. DME UK Oxford, article Black vigorous Publishing Ltd Social inspiration of inebriantic beverage in adoles pennys with ecpennyric 1 diabetes is associ ingestd with change magnitude glucose lability, further non hypoglycemia D. Ismail, R. Gebert, P. J. Vuillermin, L. Fraser*, C. M. McDonnell, S. M. Donath and F. J. Cameron AbstractDepartment of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Childrens hospital, Melbourne, *Wimmera Base hospital*, Horsham and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Royal Childrens hospital, Melbourne, Australia legitimate 10 June 2005 Aims To determine the effect of accessible phthisis of inebriant by diabetic adolespennys on glycaemic support. Methods quaternteen (five male) patients aged 16 historic catamenia were recruited from the diabetes clinic at the Royal Childrens Hos pital. The constant glucose observe system (CGMS) was aband mavind at a pass when alcohol economic pulmonary tuberculosis was planned for one shadow only.For each patient, the 12-h finis from 18. 00 h to 06. 00 h for the night with alcohol spending ( nurture degree) was compared with the same(p) closure with non-alcohol breathing in ( gibe period) all 24 h forwards or subsequently the alcohol learning night. Thus, each depicted object was his /her own see. Glycaemic asidecomes metrical from continuous glucose supervise include dream up line of merchandise glucose (MBG), role of measure pass at gloomy glucose levels (CGMS 4. 0 mmol/l), convention glucose levels (CGMS 4. 010. 0 mmol/ l) and high glucose levels ( 10. mmol/ l) and continuous oerall fire glycaemic action ( trip the light fantastic toe). Results The designate number of step alcohol salutes consumed during the remove period was 9. 0 for males and 6. 3 for females. on that geological per iod was no end of opinion in percentage of sequence at high and normal glucose levels in the determine and construe periods. During the control period, in that respect was a higher percentage of time with meek glucose levels compared with the field of operations period (P 0. 05). There was an increase level of glycaemic innovation during the weigh time when compared with the control period.Conclusions In an uncontrolled, social context, fairly heavy alcohol economic outlay by adolescents with Type 1 diabetes appears to be associated with increased glycaemic variation, but not with low glucose levels. Diabet. Med. 23, 830833 (2006) Keywords adolescence, alcohol, glycaemic control Abbreviations CGMS, continuous glucose monitoring system dance, continuous overall net glycaemic action MBG, mean blood glucose RCH, Royal Childrens Hospital Introduction Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes often admit in put on the line-taking activities 1.Amongst these activities is the socia l proportion to Dr Fergus Cameron, Deputy Director, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Childrens Hospital, Flemington Road, parklandville, Victoria 3052, Australia. E-mail fergus. emailprotected org. au function of alcohol, much as underage drinkers 2. Whilst the personal effects of alcohol consumption upon glycaemia nurse been well described in a controlled position 3 6, petite is cognize about the move on glucose levels of alcohol consumption by adolescents within an ambulatory, social context.The purpose of this pop was to utilize continuous glucose monitoring to study the impact of social alcohol consumption on glycaemic control in a group of alcohol- apply adolescents. 2006 The Authors. 830 ledger compilation 2006 Diabetes UK. diabetic Medicine, 23, 830833 Review article 831 Patients and methods This study was sanction by the Human Ethics inquiry Committee of the Royal Childrens Hospital (RCH). That approval was item upon the fact that the investiga tors should not be seen to encourage underage imbibition in adolescents.Consequently, we only nestleed adolescents who we knew were drinking socially and, despite our forward commission, elected to lodge to drink alcohol on a semi-regular basis. We recruited 22 adolescents with Type 1 diabetes from the RCH diabetes clinic. The adolescents were considered eligible only if 16 years quondam(a) and parental/patient consent was reigned. HbA 1c (Bayer DCA 2000 immunoagglutination method, Calabria, Barcelona, Spain) was measured, and diabetes date and insulin demigods were record. The MiniMed continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was habituated to the study patients over a pass period.Patients were required to aim an alcohol-free period for at least 24 continuous hours during the weekend trace period. A diary was unbroken of activities during the trace period (insulin injections, meal, snacks, dancing, alcohol consumption, sport). There was no change in insulin doses b etwixt study and control periods. In the flush when alcohol was consumed, patients were asked to recall how many and what persona of drinks were consumed and how inebriated they became. Patients recall of alcohol consumption was converted to standard drinks (one standard drink contains the equivalent of 12. ml 100% alcohol) victimization The Australian Alcohol Guidelines 7. CGMS selective information was recorded in the midst of 18. 00 and 06. 00 h on the change surface when alcohol was consumed (the study period) and surrounded by 18. 00 and 06. 00 h on the evening when no alcohol was consumed (the control period). CGMS entropy were only analysed if there had been regular calibrations with intermittent capillary tube blood glucose readings at a maximum of 8-h intervals. to each one CGMS trace was qualitatively and quantitatively analysed using mean glucose determine, per cent time in glycaemic ranges and ontinuous overlapping net glycaemic action (CONGA) 8. CONGA set wer e calculated to assess glycaemic variation over 1-, 2- and 4-h intervals. Low glucose values were delimitate as CGMS values 4 mmol/ l, normal glucose values when CGMS values were 4 10 mmo/ l and high glucose values when CGMS values were 10 mmol/ l. Each patient acted as their own control with study periods and control periods being compared. Inter-individual values were grouped for comparison. Differences between study and control periods were analysed using diametrical t-tests. Analyses were done in Stata 9. ales and guild females. The mean age was 18. 5 years (range 17. 4 19. 5). The mean duration of diabetes was 9. 4 years (range 3 16. 3). Six of our lawsuits took four insulin injections per twenty-four hour period and eight took two injections daily. The mean insulin dose was 1. 1 units /kg/day (range 0. 7 1. 8), and the mean HbA1c was 9. 6% (range 8. 2 10. 8). Activities during the study period Thirteen subjects had dinner forward drinking and only one subject did n ot consume any solid food before dismissal out. Three subjects danced a lot and six subjects went dancing but did not dance a lot.Ten subjects had something to carry off after drinking. Alcohol consumption during the study period The mean number of alcohol drinks consumed on the study night was 9. 0 (range 316) for males and 6. 3 (range 314) for females. every last(predicate) the females consumed pre-mixed sweeten alcohol drinks (5% alcohol), with only one consuming beer and one consuming wine. Four of the males consumed mixed liquor, one mixed spirits and beer and one beer only. Forty per cent of the males had more(prenominal) than than seven standard drinks during the study and 67% of the females had more than five drinks.In total, 80% of the subjects had pre-mixed sweetened alcohol drinks at some even during the study period. Forty-three per cent of the subjects report that they became inebriated and 14. 3% consumed alcohol to the point where they became physically sick. None of the subjects lost ken or took recreational drugs during the study period. proportional CGMS data between study and control periods Results Patients There was no signifi tidy sumt difference between the overall mean glucose levels of patients when analyze study and control periods (Table 1 P = 0. 43).Similarly, there were no significant differences in the amount of time spent with either normal or high glucose values between study and control periods (Table 1). A bigger proportion of time was spent with low glucose values during the control period when compared with the study period (1. 9 vs. 16. 8%, P = 0. 03). A significantly larger degree of glycaemic variation was seen in the CONGA values in the study period when compared with the control period (Table 1). The difference in CONGA values were consistent and single-handed of whether glycaemic variation was assessed over 1-, 2- or 4-h intervals.Of the 22 subjects recruited, eight were excluded because their CGMS traces d id not have sufficiently frequent calibration points with intermittent capillary measures of blood glucose. Of the 14 subjects remaining, we were able to obtain study period data on 14 patients and matched control period data on only 12 patients. The study period occurred on the night antecedent to the control period in nine subjects. There were five Discussion It has unyielding been recognized that a prohibitionist burn down is usually ineffective when counselling adolescents who engage in risk-taking behaviours 10.Many centres today, ourselves included, have instead espouse a harm minimization advancement in dealing with such behaviours. An of the essence(predicate) component 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830833 832 Glycaemic control and alcohol consumption D. Ismail et al. impression measure Mean difference between Study period Control period study period and mean value mean value control period (95%CI) P-value 10. 6 16. 8 58. 6 24. 6 2. 1 3. 2 3. 7 1. 2 (? 2. 1, 4. 4) ? 14. 9 (? 28. 1, ? 1. 8) ? 0. 8 (? 27. 3, 25. 8) 15. 7 (? 4. 5, 35. 8) 0. 6 (0. 2, 1. 0) 1. 1 (0. , 1. 9) 1. 8 (0. 4, 3. 1) 0. 43 0. 03 0. 95 0. 12 0. 006 0. 01 0. 01 Table 1 CGMS outcomes, study and control periods Blood glucose levels (mmol/l) 11. 8 Per cent time low glucose 1. 9 Per cent time high glucose 57. 8 Per cent time normal glucose 40. 3 CONGA1* 2. 7 CONGA2* 4. 3 CONGA4* 5. 5 *CONGA calculated at 1-, 2- and 4-h intervals. CONGAn is the standard deviation of distinguishable glucose measures n hours apart for the duration of the CGMS trace. of counselling using a harm minimization approach is that the information provided be apt and reflective of real or lived circumstances.Continuous glucose monitoring provides a technique whereby the glycaemic consequences of various behaviours can be documented in an ambulatory or non-artificial setting. Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes ofttimes consume alcohol in a social context 11. Alcohol is known to inhibit the gluconeogenic pathway, to inhibit lipolysis, impair glucose counter-regulation and discourteous hypoglycemia awareness 3,4. Previous studies in early days adults with Type 1 diabetes have shown that moderate consumption of alcohol in the evenings without concomitant food intake whitethorn cause hypoglycaemia the following sunrise 5.Consumption of alcohol after a meal, however, has shown no equal adverse effects on glucose 6. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that alcohol consumption whitethorn be a significant risk factor for hypoglycaemia in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes 5. Studies of the glycaemic effects of alcohol consumption in an ambulant adolescent/young adult population can be difficult. This is because such behaviours are uncontrolled, often self-generated and usually in the context of new(prenominal) social activities (parties, dancing, etc. ).In order to plug that we only reported accurate CGMS data during these activities, capillary blood glucose calibration was considered full of life and those patients who failed in this regard were excluded from outline. Just over 60% of the patients recruited were able to successfully intermit and calibrate a CGMS unit during these activities. devoted that patients who experience hypoglycemic symptoms are more likely to perform capillary self measures of blood glucose, we feel that it is unlikely that those patients excluded from the analysis had a great frequency of hypoglycaemia than those patients reported.We were unable to record our subjects alcohol consumption in a contemporaneous mould and hence were reliant upon their recall. It is possible that their remembered patterns of consumption were not entirely accurate. This potential inaccuracy should not be seen as a helplessness of this study, as we only set out to determine patterns of glycaemia in adolescents engaging in spontaneous and uncontrolled alcohol consumption. We neither specified the qual ity nor the amount of alcohol to be consumed (our ethical approval was contingent on this not occurring).The data as to amount of alcohol consumed have been included for descriptive purposes only. The results of this study show that alcohol consumption by adolescents in a social context is associated with a greater degree of glycaemic variation and less time spent with low glucose values than evenings where no alcohol is consumed. Whilst the second of these findings appears counter-intuitive, there may be several possible explanations. Firstly, the grand majority of our study group ate a meal prior to going out and ate upon their return before going to bed.These are practices that we have instilled as harm minimization strategies to avoid alcohol-induced hypoglycaemia in our clinic. Secondly, most of the alcohol consumed was as pre-mixed spirit and sweetened, carbonated beverages. Finally, alcohol consumption was only associated with vigorous exercise (dancing) in a minority of ou r study group. each of these factors could have combined to negate the hypoglycaemic effects of alcohol. In a previous study of glycaemia during alcohol consumption in adult men 5, hypoglycaemia occurred most often 1012 h after wine consumption when the evening before ended at 23. 0 h. We analysed our data to see if a similar phenomenon occurred in this study and found that the per cent of time spent with CGMS readings 4 mmol/l between 06. 00 and 12. 00 h on the good good morning after the study period (i. e. the morning after the drinking night) was only 1. 1%. Notwithstanding the fact that our cohort frequently consumed alcohol later than 23. 00 h, the factors that impacted upon glycaemic control during the study night appear to have carried over to the morning after. The findings in this study highlight the importance of ambulant testing.It is important to note that the findings of the group study here may not be seen in adolescents who drink non-sweetened alcoholic drinks o r in those adolescents with better underlying metabolous control. Whilst alcohol consumption in isolation may reasonably be plan to cause hypoglycaemia, alcohol consumption by adolescents in the context of meals, sweetened mixers and little activity did not result in more hypoglycaemia than an alcohol-free evening. Whether the increase in glycaemic variation seen on an evening 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation 2006 Diabetes UK.Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830833 Review article 833 of alcohol consumption has negative clinical outcomes remains an area for further investigation. Competing interests CMM was a Novo Nordisk query fellow. FJC received fees for speaking at conferences and gold for research from Novo Nordisk. References 1 Cameron F, Werther G. Adolescents with diabetes mellitus. In Menon, RK, Sperling, MA, eds. pediatric Diabetes. Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003 319335. 2 Frey MA, Guthrie B, Lovelandcherry C, Park PS, Foster CM. Risky behaviours and risk in ado lescents with IDDM.J Adol Health 1997 20 3845. 3 Avogaro A, Beltramello P, Gnudi L, Maran A, Valerio A, Miola M et al. Alcohol intake impairs glucose counterregulation during dandy insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in IDDM patients. Diabetes 1993 42 16261634. 4 Kerr D, Macdonald IA, Heller SR, Tattersal RB. Alcohol causes hypoglycaemic unawareness in healthy volunteers and patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 1990 33 216221. 5 food turner BC, Jenkins E, Kerr D, Sherwin RS, Cavan DA. The effect of evening alcohol consumption on next morning glucose control in type 1 diabetes.Diabetes treat 2001 24 18881893. 6 Koivisto VA, Tulokas S, Toivonen M, Haapa E, Pelkonen R. Alcohol with a meal has no adverse effects on postprandial glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1993 16 16121614. 7 issue Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Alcohol Guidelines Health Risks and Benefits. DS9. Available from http//www7. health. gov. au/nhmrc/publications/synopses/ds9syn. htm. 8 McDonnell CM, Donath SM, Vidmar SI, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilising glycaemic variation.Diab Tech Therap 2005 7 253263. 9 StataCorp. Stata statistical software. Release 8. 0. College Station, TX Stata Corporation, 2003. 10 Kyngas H, Hentinen M, Barlow JH. Adolescents perceptions of physicians, nurses, parents and friends help or hindrance in compliance with diabetes self-care? J Adv Nurs 1998 27 760769. 11 Patterson JM, Garwick AW. Coping with chronic illness. In Werther, GA, Court, JM, eds. Diabetes and the Adolescent. Melbourne Miranova Publishers 1998, 334. 2006 The Authors. Journal compilation 2006 Diabetes UK. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 830833